Philosophers
Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902) was an Indian Hindu monk, philosopher, and disciple of Sri Ramakrishna who became the foremost interpreter of Vedanta philosophy for the modern …
Max Weber
Max Weber was a German sociologist, historian, and political economist whose work on the methodology of the social sciences, the sociology of religion, bureaucracy, and …
Benedetto Croce
Benedetto Croce was the dominant Italian intellectual of the first half of the twentieth century, a philosopher of spirit whose systematic idealism encompassed aesthetics, logic, …
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Russian revolutionary, political theorist, and the principal architect of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. As a philosopher, Lenin developed a …
Nishida Kitaro
Nishida Kitaro was a Japanese philosopher and the founder of the Kyoto School, whose concept of 'pure experience' and later 'logic of place' (basho) represent …
D.T. Suzuki
Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki (1870–1966) was a Japanese Buddhist scholar and philosopher who almost single-handedly introduced Zen Buddhism to the Western world, making him one of …
Rosa Luxemburg
Rosa Luxemburg was a Polish-German Marxist revolutionary theorist and political activist whose *The Accumulation of Capital* (1913) offered an original and controversial economic theory arguing …
Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Russell was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, and public intellectual whose contributions to mathematical logic, the philosophy of language, epistemology, and political activism made …
Sri Aurobindo
Sri Aurobindo Ghose (1872–1950) was an Indian philosopher, yogi, poet, and nationalist who developed one of the twentieth century's most ambitious and original philosophical systems: …
G. E. Moore
G.E. Moore was a British philosopher whose commitment to common sense, meticulous analysis of philosophical concepts, and rigorous argumentative style made him one of the …
Ernst Cassirer
Ernst Cassirer was the last great representative of the Marburg Neo-Kantian school and the most ambitious philosopher of culture of the twentieth century, whose three-volume …
Max Scheler
Max Scheler was the most original German phenomenologist after Husserl, whose *Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values* (1913–1916) offered a systematic alternative to …
José Vasconcelos
José Vasconcelos was a Mexican philosopher, educator, and statesman whose visionary synthesis of aesthetics, metaphysics, and racial theory produced one of the most ambitious philosophies …
Hajime Tanabe
Hajime Tanabe (1885–1962) was a Japanese philosopher and the second major thinker of the Kyoto School, who initially developed a neo-Kantian and Hegelian social ontology …
Martin Heidegger
Martin Heidegger was a German philosopher whose investigation of the 'question of Being' (Seinsfrage) made him one of the most important and controversial thinkers of …
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Wittgenstein was an Austrian-British philosopher who is widely considered the most important philosopher of the 20th century. He produced two revolutionary philosophies in a …
Antonio Gramsci
Antonio Gramsci was an Italian Marxist philosopher, political theorist, and communist leader whose concept of cultural hegemony — the mechanism by which a ruling class …
Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap was a German-American philosopher who was the leading figure of logical positivism and one of the most important philosophers of science of the …
B.R. Ambedkar
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was an Indian jurist, economist, social reformer, and philosopher whose lifelong intellectual and political battle against the caste system produced one of …
Walter Benjamin
Walter Benjamin was a German Jewish philosopher, cultural critic, and essayist whose unique synthesis of Marxism, Jewish messianism, and modernist aesthetics produced some of the …
José Carlos Mariátegui
José Carlos Mariátegui was a Peruvian Marxist intellectual and political organizer whose 'Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality' (1928) remains the most original work of …
Max Horkheimer
Max Horkheimer was a German philosopher and sociologist who, as director of the Institute for Social Research (the Frankfurt School), developed critical theory — a …
Herbert Marcuse
Herbert Marcuse was a German-American philosopher and critical theorist who became the most politically influential member of the Frankfurt School, particularly during the 1960s counterculture. …
Hans-Georg Gadamer
Hans-Georg Gadamer was a German philosopher whose magnum opus Truth and Method developed philosophical hermeneutics — the theory of understanding and interpretation — into a …